Implementing SDG 15: Can large‐scale public programs help deliver biodiversity conservation,restoration and management,while assisting human development?

Among the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the proposed SDG 15 promotes activities that, inter alia, “Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems”. An important potential contribution in achieving SDG 15 is through public programmes designed to jointly promote human development through poverty alleviation and improvement of human livelihoods and biodiversity conservation/management/restoration. An analysis of twenty public programmes with such joint objectives yielded twelve lessons learned. In addition to financial commitments, government and intergovernmental agency input for such public programmes includes ensuring political will and appropriate legal frameworks. Local communities and civil society provide input through traditional and indigenous ecological knowledge and stewardship. Appropriate shared inputs in development and the implementation of such public programmes, with communication between local community, broader civil society, the scientific community and governments will result in: better use and management of biodiversity; alleviation of poverty; security of livelihoods and better governance systems. The Ecosystem Approach of the Convention on Biological Diversity provides an ideal framework when planning and implementing new programmes. Application of the lessons learned to new public programmes will ensure that the answer to the question posed in the title is an emphatic “Yes”, and assist with the achievement of SDG 15.     

Transfrontier conservation areas: Integrating biodiversity and poverty alleviation in Southern Africa

Sub‐Saharan Africa continues to face the daunting challenge of alleviating poverty due to slow economic growth. In southern Africa, most countries are adopting policies that promote the integration of biodiversity conservation and rural development to contribute to rural poverty alleviation. Numerous approaches have been undertaken in this endeavour, including Transfrontier Parks (TFPs) and Transfrontier Conservation Areas (TFCAs). This paper discusses some of the limitations of the TFPs. In conclusion I posit that unlike TFPs, which are state controlled and managed, TFCAs, which promote multi‐land use and multi‐stakeholder participation are attainable and have a higher probability of sustaining biodiversity conservation and contributing to the alleviation of rural poverty, if: (i) areas of high biodiversity conservation within communal areas can be identified, zoned and leveraged to biodiversity conservation and managed in partnership between the communities and the private sector; (ii) local communities can secure legal rights to their customary land being devoted to biodiversity conservation and use such pieces of land as collateral in negotiating partnerships with the private sector in developing conservation‐based enterprises; (iii) functional community natural resource governance institutions can be established and empowered to represent their constituencies in securing fair equity from profits made from sustainable use of the conserved biodiversity assets and tourism businesses; (iv) concerted effort can be invested in developing and implementing family planning and fertility reduction strategies that would slow down human population growth to levels that can be sustained by the available natural resources; and (v) if sustainable financing mechanisms can be developed, and the governance of protected areas occurring in the TFCAs can be broadened to include other stakeholders.     

安置区空间重构对农户社区融入的影响及其效应

后扶贫时代易地扶贫搬迁安置区农户多维相对贫困治理及其社区融入成为巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果同乡村振兴有效衔接的重要难题。基于空间多维贫困理论,通过构建易地扶贫搬迁安置区与农户多维相对贫困耦合的“SEE⁃MAR”指标体系,分析了二者空间耦合协同对农户社区融入的影响机理,利用2014—2019年乌蒙山区38个县域易地扶贫搬迁安置区评估报告数据,采用熵值法和空间计量模型检验了安置区与农户多维相对贫困空间耦合的作用机制,揭示不同安置区与农户多维相对贫困耦合协同度对农户社区融入的空间效应。研究结果表明：①易地扶贫搬迁安置区与农户多维相对贫困的空间耦合协同受到“人-业-地”等系统因素的影响,由于区位条件及资源禀赋的差异,安置区地理空间转变与农户生计空间重塑呈现出“空间分异→空间耦合→空间再造→空间融合”的发展趋势。②在空间耦合协同方面,农业产业基地主导型和扶贫车间就业主导型安置区带来的空间耦合协同性较强,尤其以中小型和较大型农户规模安置区耦合协同度较高,表现为中小型安置区>大型安置区>特大型安置区>微型安置区的规律,但安置区与农户多维相对贫困空间耦合协同度却随人均GDP的增长而呈现下降趋势。③搬迁农户社区融入的空间效应呈现出一定的空间集聚性和马太效应。空间融合程度越高,同向集聚减弱趋势和负向集聚增强趋势越明显,降低安置区与农户多维相对贫困空间集聚和空间不平等程度能够强化农户社区融入感。为此,易地扶贫搬迁后续扶持需要加强农户生计空间、地理空间、社会空间及文化心理空间的重塑,提升搬迁农户的社区融入感。     

中国县域生态贫困测度及动态演化分析

提升生态系统自我修复能力和生态系统质量是中国“十四五”时期推动绿色发展的重要内容,但部分县域仍面临生态负担沉重和环境持续恶化等问题,对乡村振兴和县域可持续发展造成困扰。文章基于县域生态贫困形成机理和环境现状,创新性地将污染排放和环境自净能力为代表的“生态负担”引入到生态贫困测度中,运用A-F方法全面测度了2002—2019年1 730个县域的生态贫困水平和构成,同时借助演化树形象刻画了生态贫困的演化路径和方向。研究发现：①从时间上看,中国生态贫困经历了先加剧后减缓的过程;从空间分布上看,重度和极度生态贫困主要分布在西部地区,特别是新疆地区;东部地区则以轻度和中度生态贫困为主,同时绝大部分非生态贫困县也集中分布在东部。②从生态贫困结构来看,中国主要的生态贫困类型为负担贫困型和地貌贫困型。其中负担贫困型主要分布在华北地区和华东地区的北部,地貌贫困型集中分布在西南、华中和华南地区。③演化树分析发现,中国大部分地区的生态贫困在2011年后开始减缓,但部分省仍在持续加剧,且不同地区生态贫困加剧的原因也各不相同。根据生态贫困的未来演化方向,将30个省划分为优势维持区、优化发展区、强化治理区以及灵活应对区四种模式。根据研究结论,文章提出缓解县域生态贫困应从恢复生态入手,守住自然生态安全边界;同时完善生态保护和修复监管制度;健全生态保护补偿机制和市场激励制度,因地制宜推动县域经济社会发展全面绿色转型。     

铜胁迫对黄芪幼苗的生理学毒性与凹凸棒黏土的缓解作用

为探究黄芪幼苗对铜离子（Cu²⁺）胁迫的耐性机理以及凹凸棒黏土对Cu²⁺污染的缓解作用,研究了不同浓度CuSO₄（2~20mmol/L）胁迫对黄芪幼苗的生理学毒性与凹凸棒黏土的缓解作用.结果表明,2mmol/L CuSO₄胁迫使得根系Cu²⁺含量、H₂O₂（过氧化氢）含量、MDA（丙二醛）含量分别较对照显著上升1.82倍、1.04倍、2.14倍.CuSO₄胁迫浓度达8mmol/L时,根系SOD（超氧化物歧化酶）活性、根尖膜损伤程度和叶片Cu²⁺含量分别较对照显著上升1.13倍、1.12倍和2.62倍;同时,叶片PS Ⅱ（光系统II）实际光化学效率[Y（II）]、光化学淬灭系数（qP）、PSⅡ电子传递速率（ETR）和叶绿素含量较对照分别显著降低22.88%、24.44%、21.49%和28.31%,而NPQ和qN（非光化学荧光猝灭系数）则较对照分别显著上升2.35倍和1.58倍.根系POD（过氧化物酶）和CAT（过氧化氢酶）活性、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量在8mmol/L CuSO₄处理下达到最高值后呈下降趋势.CuSO₄浓度为15~20mmol/L时,根系APX活性和叶片光适应下PS II潜在最大光化学效率（F_v'/F_m'）,以及幼苗全株鲜重、全株干重、地下部鲜重、地下部干重较对照显著下降.在非CuSO₄胁迫条件下,基质中凹凸棒黏土的存在使得幼苗根系MDA含量较对照显著降低15.93%,但未对其它所测生理学指标产生显著影响;在20mmol/L CuSO₄胁迫条件下,基质中凹凸棒黏土的存在使得幼苗根系和叶片中Cu²⁺含量分别显著下降30.78%和23.12%;同时显著缓解了20mmol/L CuSO₄胁迫对根系活性氧水平、抗氧化酶活性、膜脂质过氧化程度、根尖膜损伤程度、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量,叶片PS II光化学活性和叶绿素含量的不良影响,以及对幼苗生长的抑制作用.研究结果表明,培养基质中凹凸棒黏土的存在能够显著降低幼苗组织中Cu²⁺的生物有效性,继而缓解CuSO₄胁迫对黄芪幼苗的生理学毒性作用.     

Can climate mitigation help the poor? Measuring impacts of the CDM in rural China

This study examines whether investment in climate change mitigation contributes to poverty alleviation. We investigate the impacts of the renewable energy-based clean development mechanism (RE-CDM) projects on rural communities in China. The impacts of RE-CDM projects are estimated by combining propensity score matching with the difference-in-differences approach. We found that the biomass-based CDM projects significantly contribute to income improvement and employment generation in rural communities in China. Our estimation results also reveal that wind energy-based CDM projects have the potential to increase income and the share of labor force in the primary industry in rural areas. These results suggest different channels through which renewable energy sources affect income.     

城镇化建设中的减灾思考

十六大以来，我国迎来了全面推进城镇化建设的一个黄金时期，在小城镇建设当中要以“以人为本”的理念为指导，走科学规划、合理布局的道路。这就必然要将减灾概念融入城镇建设当中，对可能发生的地震等灾害进行设防，建设充满人文关怀的小城镇．本文对小城镇的减灾工作的若干问题进行了探讨.     

秦巴集中连片特困区多维贫困度量及其空间格局

连片特困区贫困是特殊的区域性贫困,实现持久脱贫,关键在于识别和评估区域的贫困程度以及深究其致贫原因。基于此,通过构建经济维度硬现状、社会维度软现状及自然维度潜在状态3维的多维贫困度量指标体系,应用均方差权重法测算了2006、2010及2014年秦巴集中连片特困区及各子区域的多维贫困度,并分析了多维贫困及其各维度的时空演变规律。结果表明：（1）秦巴集中连片特困区多维贫困度得分偏高,表明该区域贫困程度较深,且多维贫困在不同贫困维度上呈现显著差异。（2）2006—2014年秦巴集中连片特困区多维贫困度都呈减弱趋势,且表现出以甘肃省徽县至湖北省房县为轴带的中部地区集聚的空间演变趋势。（3）在整体多维贫困显著改善的同时,不同连片扶贫区及不同的贫困维度在减贫路径上也体现出不同的演化特征。所得结论为该区域内县域尺度贫困类型特征识别以及扶贫工作前期评估以及后期验收成效等提供一定技术支持,也为后期实施因地制宜的脱贫措施提供科学的辅助决策支撑。     

后脱贫时期可持续生计研究展望

在\"后脱贫时代\",规避返贫风险、实现持续稳定脱贫将是精准扶贫政策的逻辑延续,更是促进乡村长期振兴的重要基础.长期以来,可持续生计分析框架在贫困治理过程中发挥了重要的指导作用,但在新的情势下也迫切需要做出系统总结与展望.本文在整理社会学、经济学、地理学、环境科学等关联学科研究成果的基础上,系统梳理了可持续生计研究在返贫治...